Today’s ephemeris, July 1: What happened in the world on a day like today?

On another July 1, but in 1991, the Warsaw Pact, the military alliance of eight Eastern European countries, is dissolved.

OTHER ANNOUNCEMENTS

1812.- The conspiracy of Martin de Alzaga against the government of the First Triumvirate. 1861.- The first issue of the Vatican newspaper “L’Observatore Romano” is published.

1867.- Portugal abolishes the death penalty for civil crimes.

LOOK: Ecuador: Government and indigenous people sign act that ends 18 days of national strike

1875.- Twenty-two European countries, including Spain, sign the Treaty of the General Postal Union.

1887.- The assembly of the Eiffel Tower.

1903.- The first edition of the Tour de Francesponsored by the newspaper “L’Auto”.

1904.- They begin to dispute in Saint Louis (Louisiana, USA) the tests of Olympic Gamesinaugurated on May 14.

1908.- Begins to use SOS message (…—…)in Morse code, as an international distress signal on ships.

1912.- The French Assembly approves the draft Protectorate over Morocco.

1916.- start the battle of the somme (France). It lasted until November and was the deadliest of World War I with 1.2 million deaths.

1917.- Puyiaged 11, becomes for the second time chinese emperor with the military support of Zhang Xun. He was the last emperor of the Qing dynasty.

1921.- Formally established in Shanghai Communist Party of China (CCP)with the beginning of its I National Congress.

1934.- The general Lazaro Cardenas wins the Mexican presidential

1941.- A television advertisement for Bulova watches on NBC, first American television spot.

1944.- The Guatemalan Army provokes the resignation of the President General Jorge Ubico Castaneda.

– The economic conference begins Bretton Woods (New Hampshire, USA), which creates the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

1946.- The American General Staff blows up Able, the first atomic bomb in the Bikini Atoll (Pacific), after Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

1958.- Amintore Fanfani, appointed President of the Council of Ministers of Italy.

1959.- Heinrich Luebke becomes president of the Federal Republic of Germany.

1960.- Italian Somaliland becomes independent and joins Somalilandwho had obtained it days before from the United Kingdom, proclaiming the Republic of Somalia.

1962.- Burundi and Rwanda become independent from Belgium.

1963.- the beatles record “She loves you” and “I’ll get you”, in EMI studies.

1967.- The Treaty establishing the European Community enters into force or Merger Treatywhich constitutes a Council and a Commission of the European Communities.

1968.- The last customs barriers between the six countries of the European Economic Community.

1968.- Many countries sign the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)to prevent more countries from accessing them and guarantee their peaceful use.

1969.- Charles of England, invested Prince of Wales.

1979.- Sony launches the TPS-L2the first portable cassette player (“walkman”).

1982.- The general Reynaldo Bignone assumes the Argentine Presidency after the deposition of Leopoldo Galtieri due to the defeat in Las Malvinas.

1987.- Comes into force on Single European Actwhich modifies the founding Treaties of the European Communities and establishes European political cooperation.

1990.- Comes into force on Monetary Union TreatyEconomic and Social between the two Germanies, with the western mark as currency.

1991.- The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approves the law on destabilization and privatization of property.

1994.- Yasser Arafatleader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), arrives in Gaza after a 27-year absence from Palestine.

1997.- Hong Kong it becomes a Special Administrative Region under Chinese sovereignty, after the British administration declines.

1998.- The leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, David Trimbleelected Chief Minister of Northern Ireland.

1999.- Elizabeth II inaugurates the first Parliament of Scotland in 300 years.

1999.- The European Police Office, Europolofficially begins its activities.

2001.- Ulster Chief Minister resigns, David Trimbleas the disarmament of the IRA stalled.

2002.- Comes into force on International Criminal Court (ICC) to prosecute war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.

– The Supreme Court of Chile confirms the dismissal of the case against Augusto Pinochet for the “Caravan of Death”.

2004.- The Government and the paramilitaries of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) Formal peace negotiations begin.

2005.- Antonio Villaraigosafirst Hispanic mayor of Los Angeles since 1872.

– Create the Ubuntu Foundationa bet by Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical, the creators of this free operating system based on Linux.

2011.- Wedding of Albert II of Monaco and the South African Charlene Wittstock.

2012.- Enrique Peña Nieto (PRI) You win the Mexican presidential election.

2016.- Puerto Rico incurs the first debt default in its history worth 911 million dollars.

2018.- Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador wins the Mexican presidential

2019.- Laurentino Cortizoinaugurated president of Panama after the May elections.

– Hundreds of demonstrators take over the Hong Kong Parliament in protest against the extradition law.

2020.- Vladimir Putin wins in a plebiscite to continue in the Kremlin beyond 2024, with the support of 79.2 percent of the votes.

– The new trade agreement between Mexico, the United States and Canada enters into force (T-MEC)which replaces the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

BIRTHS

1646.- Gottfried Wilhelm LeibnizGerman philosopher and scientist.

1899.- Charles LaughtonBritish-American actor.

1909.- Juan Carlos Onetti, Uruguayan writer.

1916.- Olivia de Havilland, American actress.

1930.- Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozadaformer Bolivian president.

1934.- Sidney Pollack, American filmmaker.

1946.- Mireya Moscoso, former Panamanian president

1955.- Li Keqiang, Chinese premier.

1961.- Diana Frances SpencerWale’s princess.

1961.- Carl Lewis, American athlete.

1977.- Jessica Ulrika Meir, American astronaut.

DEATHS

1860.- Charles GoodyearAmerican inventor of vulcanized rubber and tire manufacturer.

1876.- Mikhail A. BakuninRussian anarchist

1961.- Louis-Ferdinand CelineFrench writer.

1974.- Juan Domingo Peron, Argentine president.

1991.-Michael Landon, American TV actor and director.

1997.- Robert Mitchum, American actor.

2000.- Walter Matthau, American actor.

2001.- Nikolai Básov, Russian physicist, one of the inventors of the laser and Nobel 1964.

2004.- Marlon BrandoAmerican actor.

2009.- Karl MaldenAmerican actor.

Source: Elcomercio

Ronald Payne

I, Ronald Payne, am a journalist and author who dedicated his life to telling the stories that need to be said. I have over 7 years of experience as a reporter and editor, covering everything from politics to business to crime.